, where:
F = Force due to drag.
= Density of Fluid (kg/m^3)
v = Velocity (m/s)
A = Cross-Sectional Area (m^2)
C = Drag Coefficient (System Property)
is applicable at the boundary layer, where:
u = Velocity in x-direction
v = Velocity in y-direction
= Kinematic Viscosity (m2/s)
Eu = Euler number
p = Pressure (Pa)
= Density (kg/m3)
Gr = Grashof Number
g = Gravity (m/s2)
= Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (1/K)
Ts = Surface Temperature (K)
= Bulk Temperature (K)
P = Pressure drop in cylindrical tube (Pa)
= Dynamic Viscosity (Pa*s)
L = Length of Pipe (m)
Q = Volumetric Flow (m3/s)
r = Radius of pipe (m)
is applicable at the boundary layer, where:
= Kinematic Viscosity (m2/s)
, where:
= Density of Fluid (kg/m^3)
, where:
= Density (kg/m3)
, where:
= Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (1/K)
= Bulk Temperature (K)
, where:
= Dynamic Viscosity (Pa*s)